Verbs like “swim” shift vowel sounds in the past and past participle, usually from “i” to “a” to “u” base -s form past past participle -ing form begin begins began begun beginning swim swims swam swum swimming ring rings rang rung ringing sing sings sang sung singing spring springs sprang sprung springing cling clings clung clung clinging fling flings flung flung flinging sling slings slung slung slinging sting stings stung stung stinging swing swings swung swung swinging wring wrings wrung wrung wringing hang hangs hung/hanged** hung/hanged hanging drink drinks drank drunk sinking shrink shrinks shrank shrunk shrinking stink stinks stank / stunk stunk stinking Verbs like “think” use “ought” or “aught” in the past and past participle. Irregular Verbs Verbs like “cut” do not change in the past or past participle.īase -s form past past participle -ing form cut cuts cut cut cutting fit fits fit fit fitting hit hits hit hit hitting let lets let let letting put puts put put putting quit quits quit quit quitting set sets set set setting shut shuts shut shut shutting split splits split split splitting upset upsets upset upset upsetting burst bursts burst burst bursting cast casts cast cast casting cost costs cost cost costing* hurt hurts hurt hurt hurting spread spreads spread spread spreading knit knits knit/knitted knit/knitted knitting sit sits sat sat sitting spit spits spat/spit spat/spit spitting

Spelling differences when “y” is preceded by a consonant Doubled consonants after “short” vowel soundsĦ. Dropping of “silent e” with -ing endingsĥ. Spelling and pronunciation differences in -s form after /s, sh, ch, z/ soundsĤ. Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /t, d/ soundsģ. Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /p, s, k, f/ soundsĢ. Base -s form past past participle -ing form notesġ.

English verb list